Phocoena phocoena

Description: 

The harbour porpoise is one of six species of porpoises. It is the most abundant cetacean species in the North Sea and the only native species inhabiting the Baltic Sea and is the flagship species of ASCOBANS. As its name implies, it is a primarily coastal species but it regularly ventures up rivers and has been seen hundreds of kilometres from the sea.

Harbour porpoise © M. Camm

Physical Description & Behaviour

Harbour porpoises are small animals with a blunt short-beaked head and a low wide-based triangular dorsal fin. Adults are usually less than 1.8m long and weigh from 45 to 70 kg. The dorsal area of the harbour porpoise is coloured dark grey while the chin, sides and the underbelly are lighter grey or white. Generally, harbour porpoises occur singly or in small groups of less than eight individuals. Occasionally, larger schools of up to several hundred animals have been reported.

The species is inconspicuous compared to most dolphins. It rarely approaches boats to ride on bow waves and seldom breaches or leaps from the water. Reproduction takes place from spring to mid-summer, and newborn calves measure 70 to 90 cm and weigh 5 kg.

Harbour porpoises feed opportunistically on a wide variety of ocean and deep-water fish as well as on marine invertebrates. Their main prey items appear to be schooling fish species, such as herring, sprat, mackerel or bottom-dwelling sand eels.

 

Distribution & Abundance

The species has a coastal circumpolar distribution in the Northern Hemisphere, including the North Sea and the Baltic. Porpoises from each ocean basin are reproductively isolated, resulting in the classification of at least two sub-species. The SCANS Project (Small Cetaceans in the European Atlantic and North Sea) aimed to estimate the abundance of selected small cetaceans. According to SCANS II (2005), over 350,000 harbour porpoises inhabit the surveyed portion of the ASCOBANS area.

The Baltic sub-population of the harbour porpoise is of particular concern. There has been a dramatic decline in the Western Baltic population from 36,000 individuals in 1994 to 24,000 individuals in 2005. The so-called Baltic Proper population amounts to not more than a few hundred individuals. This drop, observed since the 1930s, has been accompanied by a steady retreat from large areas of its former range. Today, Baltic harbour porpoises are generally restricted to the Kattegat and Belt Sea in the extreme west of their original habitat, with decreasing numbers of sightings along the German, Polish and Swedish Baltic coasts.

IUCN Red List of Threatened Species™ Assessment

  • Baltic Sea subpopulation: CR (critically endangered)
  • Other parts of ASCOBANS Area: LC (least concern)

 

Threats

Harbour porpoises are highly mobile and encounter a variety of threats of which bycatch, accidental entanglement in fishing gear, is considered the most serious. Every year, several thousand porpoises in the ASCOBANS Area drown because they become ensnared in fishing nets, preventing them from coming up to the surface to breathe.

Like all marine mammals, harbour porpoises are highly dependent on their sense of hearing. They use sound for orientation, communication and prey detection. Accordingly, increasing levels of acoustic disturbance such as commercial shipping, industrial activity (e.g. pile-driving and seismic explorations), explosions and navy sonar activities are a significant threat to them.

Marine pollution is another serious threat facing porpoises, affecting their health and reproductive success.

 

More information on the harbour porpoise can be found at
http://www.cms.int/reports/small_cetaceans/data/P_phocoena/p_phocoena.htm.

 

 

 

Assessment information
CMS InstrumentsASCOBANS, CMS, ACCOBAMS, Western African Aquatic Mammals
IUCN StatusCritically endangered
Geographic range
Countries Belgium (Status: Increase), Denmark (Status: Decline), Finland (Status: Decline), France (Status: Increase), Germany (Status: Unknown), Ireland (Status: Unknown), Lithuania (Status: Unknown), Netherlands (Status: Increase), Norway (Status: Decline), Poland (Status: Decline), Portugal (Status: Unknown), Spain (Status: Increase), Sweden (Status: Decline), United Kingdom (Status: No apparent change)
Common names
EnglishHarbour Porpoise
Taxonomy
ClassMammalia
OrderCetacea
FamilyPhocoenidae
Scientific name Phocoena phocoena
Population size and trend
Population Size interval Size quality Estimated population size Size reference Size notes
Trend interval Trend quality Trend Trend reference Trend notes
Northern East AtlanticGood36,280 (SCANS Survey)* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: all the Harbour porpoise sightings were during the SCANS-II Survey.
GoodUnkown Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
Central East AtlanticGood385,617 (SCANS Survey)* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: this is the abundance estimate for the entire SCANS-II survey region. Individual estimates for the central east Atlantic are not available.
GoodUnkown Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
Bay of BiscayGood385,617 (SCANS Survey)* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: this is the abundance estimate for the entire SCANS-II survey region. Individual estimates for the Bay of Biscay are not available.
GoodIncrease Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
Northern North SeaGood129,425 (SCANS Survey)* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: all the Harbour porpoise sightings were during the SCANS-II Survey. SCANS-II regions E, F and M have been added together to give a good representation of the northern north sea.
GoodDecline Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
Inner Danish WatersGood41,896* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: all the Harbour porpoise sightings were during the SCANS-II Survey. SCANS-II regions I, I' and X have been added together to give a good representation of the inner danish waters.
GoodDecline - uncertain Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
Baltic SeaNone599* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: Abundance estimates are not available from the SCANS-II survey. This estimate has been taken from the IUCN site, and there is a large margin of potential error.
NoneDecline Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
Southern North SeaGood59,766* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: all the Harbour porpoise sightings were during the SCANS-II Survey. SCANS-II regions C, G and H have been added together to give a good representation of the southern north sea.
GoodIncrease Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
English ChannelGood385,617 (SCANS Survey)* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: this is the abundance estimate for the entire SCANS-II survey region. Individual estimates for the English Channel are not available. No Harbour porpoises sightings were recorded during the SCANS-II survey.
GoodIncrease Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
Irish SeaGood15,230* Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more] The population size estimate is based on data collected during SCANS-II (2005) and CODA (2007) surveys. See the previous Trend Analysis document for more details. SCAN-II and CODA reports can be found in the additional notes section. *Note: Abundance estimates are can be found in a IWDG document, but the results were collected during the SCANS-II survey. The SCANS website does not provide its own estimate.
GoodIncrease Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the AS [more]
Other details
Additional notesA SCANS-II report can be found here: http://biology.st-andrews.ac.uk/scans2/inner-furtherInfo.html and here http://biology.st-andrews.ac.uk/scans2/documents/final/SCANS-II_final_report.pdf. A CODA report can be found here: ttp://biology.st-andrews.ac.uk/coda/documents/CODA_Final_Report_11-2-09.pdf. The notes in the Threat section (Related Content) refer to the level of importance needed to address causes of mortality (identified from post-mortem examinations) of cetaceans in the ASCOBANS Agreement Area. This information also comes from this report: Project Report: Review of Trend Analyses in the ASCOBANS Area (AC18_6-05_ProjectReportTrendAnalysis_Corr.pdf).

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